Conflict Resolution Modes (TKI)
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a behavioral model developed by Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmann. It categorizes an individual's behavioral response to conflict along two axes—Assertiveness (satisfying one's own concerns) and Cooperativeness (satisfying others' concerns)—yielding five distinct modes: Competing, Collaborating, Compromising, Avoiding, and Accommodating.
Plain-Language Summary
Conflict modes represent the default strategies you use when navigating disagreements, balancing between standing your ground and preserving cooperation.
# Everyday Behavioral Examples
High Expression Tendencies
- •Collaborating (High Assertiveness / High Cooperativeness): Works to find innovative win-win solutions that fully satisfy all parties.
- •Competing (High Assertiveness / Low Cooperativeness): Stands firm on vital principles or emergencies where swift action is necessary.
- •Compromising (Moderate Assertiveness / Moderate Cooperativeness): Finds rapid, expedient middle-ground solutions.
- •Accommodating (Low Assertiveness / High Cooperativeness): Yields to others to preserve peace or when the issue matters far more to them.
- •Avoiding (Low Assertiveness / Low Cooperativeness): Postpones non-critical or volatile disputes until emotions settle.
Low Expression Tendencies
- •Over-reliance on a single conflict mode across all situations rather than dynamically choosing the right strategy.
Related Sub-Traits & Core Facets
In psychometric factor modeling, this construct encompasses or correlates with these key behavioral dimensions:
How the Concept is Measured
Evaluated using forced-choice paired scenario questions (TKI inventory) that determine an individual's relative percentile preference across the five modes.
Common Misconceptions
Collaborating is the only 'good' conflict mode, while Avoiding and Competing are always bad.
All five modes are valuable in specific contexts. Competing is vital in safety emergencies; Avoiding is wise in trivial or volatile disputes; Collaborating is ideal for complex, high-stakes partnerships.
Scientific Limitations & Context
Self-report answers can be skewed by power differentials (e.g., interacting with a supervisor vs. a peer) and organizational cultural norms.
Assessments That Measure This Trait
Free & Calculated On-DeviceRelated Glossary Terms
Relevant Guides & Articles
Frequently Asked Questions
- What is the most effective approach to conflict resolution?
- Situational flexibility: assessing the stakes, relationship value, and time constraints to consciously deploy the most appropriate mode.